Almost half of all adults have periodontal disease, an infection that destroys the gum tissue and underlying bone that supports teeth. It’s the leading cause of tooth loss. It is also linked to other health problems like heart disease, diabetes and stroke. But it’s treatable, especially if it is caught and treated early on. This is why it’s important to brush and floss daily, and see your dentist for regular examinations.

The first stage of periodontal disease is gingivitis, a mild inflammation of the gums that causes them to become red and swollen but doesn’t yet damage the teeth or bones. Gingivitis is reversible with regular treatment and diligent at-home oral hygiene.

In the later stages of the disease, deep pockets form between the teeth and gums, filled with tartar (calculus) and bacteria. The bacterial toxins in the plaque and tartar attack the bone and connective tissues that support the teeth, causing them to break down and eventually lose their attachment to the teeth. If not treated, the disease can continue to progress to more severe forms that can lead to the loss of teeth.

Periodontal Disease: Early Signs, Causes, and Treatment Options

The most common treatment for periodontitis involves a deep cleaning to remove the bacteria, calculus and damaged tissue from beneath the gums. It may be accompanied by antibiotics, either in pill form or as gels placed in the gum pockets to kill bacteria and encourage healing. In more advanced cases, surgery may be needed to repair and reshape the gum tissues. This might include removing gum tissue from other areas of the mouth and stitching it into place around the affected area, or grafting gum tissue to replace missing tissue.